L'Affranchissement et la Clientèle (Wala')
Muwatta Malik 1479
حَدَّثَنِي مَالِكٌ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، زَوْجِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم أَنَّهَا قَالَتْ جَاءَتْ بَرِيرَةُ فَقَالَتْ إِنِّي كَاتَبْتُ أَهْلِي عَلَى تِسْعِ أَوَاقٍ فِي كُلِّ عَامٍ أُوْقِيَّةٌ فَأَعِينِينِي . فَقَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ إِنْ أَحَبَّ أَهْلُكِ أَنْ أَعُدَّهَا لَهُمْ عَنْكِ عَدَدْتُهَا وَيَكُونَ لِي وَلاَؤُكِ فَعَلْتُ . فَذَهَبَتْ بَرِيرَةُ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا فَقَالَتْ لَهُمْ ذَلِكَ فَأَبَوْا عَلَيْهَا فَجَاءَتْ مِنْ عِنْدِ أَهْلِهَا وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم جَالِسٌ فَقَالَتْ لِعَائِشَةَ إِنِّي قَدْ عَرَضْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ ذَلِكَ فَأَبَوْا عَلَىَّ إِلاَّ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْوَلاَءُ لَهُمْ . فَسَمِعَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَسَأَلَهَا فَأَخْبَرَتْهُ عَائِشَةُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم " خُذِيهَا وَاشْتَرِطِي لَهُمُ الْوَلاَءَ فَإِنَّمَا الْوَلاَءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ " . فَفَعَلَتْ عَائِشَةُ ثُمَّ قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي النَّاسِ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ " أَمَّا بَعْدُ فَمَا بَالُ رِجَالٍ يَشْتَرِطُونَ شُرُوطًا لَيْسَتْ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ مَا كَانَ مِنْ شَرْطٍ لَيْسَ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ فَهُوَ بَاطِلٌ وَإِنْ كَانَ مِائَةَ شَرْطٍ قَضَاءُ اللَّهِ أَحَقُّ وَشَرْطُ اللَّهِ أَوْثَقُ وَإِنَّمَا الْوَلاَءُ لِمَنْ أَعْتَقَ " .
Traduction
Aicha, la femme du Prophète (Sur lui la grâce et la paix d'Allah) a rapporté: «Barira vient me dire: «J'avais conclu avec mes maîtres, de leur verser, au sujet de mon affranchissement, neuf once d'argent, de telle façon qu'une once soit versée toutes les années, et je te demande de me soutenir». Aicha, lui répondit: «Si tes gens acceptent que je leur verse à ta place cette somme pour que tu sois affranchie, je le ferai, à condition que je te patronne». Se rendant chez ses maîtres afin de leur apprendre, la proposition de Aicha, et qu'ils la refusèrent, Barira revint chez Aicha, alors que l'Envoyé d'Allah (salallahou alayhi wa salam) r (Sur lui la grâce et la paix d'Allah) était chez elle, et lui dit: «Je leur avais rapporté ta proposition, mais ils la refusèrent, voulant avoir à eux le droit de mon patronage». Etant à l'écoute, de ce propos, l'Envoyé d'Allah r (Sur lui la grâce et la paix d'Allah) demanda à Aicha, de le lui expliquer; une fois, mis au courant, il s'adressa à Aicha, lui disant: «amène-la, et demande leur, le droit de la patronner, car ce droit appartient à celui qui a affranchi», Aicha, accomplit ce que lui dit; l'Envoyé d'Allah (salallahou alayhi wa salam) r (Sur lui la grâce et la paix d'Allah) se leva, parmi les gens, puis fit louange et glorification à Allah, et dit: «Ensuite! Qu'arrive-t-il aux hommes à avancer des conditions, qui ne se trouvent pas dans Le Livre d'Allah? ainsi, toute condition qui n'a pas été mentionnée dans Le Livre d'Allah, est invalide, même si ces conditions sont au nombre de cent; donc le droit d'Allah est le plus méritoire et le plus ferme,par ailleurs, le droit du patronage revient à celui qui affranchit»
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